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Over the last two decades, deep brain stimulation has become widely accepted as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and tremor, and its use is increasing in disorders such as obsessivecompulsive disorder, depression and pain. The primary objective is always to achieve symptom suppression with few or no side effects; in other words, to attain as wide a therapeutic window as possible. In the past, efforts to achieve this were focused largely on ensuring accurate electrode placement, be it with the help of imaging and/or with microelectrode recordings. Excellent results can be obtained in this way, but unwanted side effects still occur in 13% of patients (Deuschl et al., 2006). Today, a number of new technologies are under development to address this problem. In this issue of Brain, Pollo et al. present data from a randomized clinical trial in which one of these approaches— directional stimulation—produces a wider therapeutic window than traditional methods (Pollo et al., 2014). To put this result into context, it is worth reviewing, albeit briefly, some of the other strategies that are under development with the aim of maximizing therapeutic benefit while minimizing side effects.